Monitoring communautaire pour une gouvernance forestière participative
Les forêts de la République Démocratique du Congo représente un moyen de subsistance d’environ 40Million de Congolais. Elles fournissent aux communautés locales et peuples autochtones la nourriture, la pharmacopée, le milieu culturel, l’énergie, les matériaux de construction, bref ; une source de revenus. Elles constituent plus de la moitié des forêts tropicales humides du bassin du Congo qui est le deuxième complexe de forêts tropicale au monde. Nonobstant ces vertus, elles sont menacées au quotidien par une exploitation abusive. A cet effet, les communautés locales qui en dépendent directement ; sous un œil impuissant, voient leurs milieux naturels être détruits, leurs sites sacrés être saccagés, leurs supers marchés ainsi que leur pharmacie être sabotée par des exploitants forestiers. Ce qui a été le constat d’un membre de communauté locale :
« La forêt signifie pour moi la vie. Lorsqu’on grandissait, il suffisait de faire une marche de 100 m du village pour trouver les gibiers. La forêt nous a longtemps servi comme un lieu d’éducation culturelle ainsi qu’une source d’approvisionnement. Mais actuellement, les visiteurs inconnus ne la considèrent plus que comme une zone d’exploitation de bois. Ils ne prennent pas en compte nos valeurs et de ce que la forêt représente pour nous », déplore STANIS MOKUTE, chef du village Bokweli Monene
Et pour renchérir « ils arrivent sans que les communautés locales ne soient préalablement informées. Nous les surprenons directement dans notre forêt » a-t-il fustigé.
Ce non-respect de procédure dans le secteur forestier est à la base de la déforestation et violation des droits humains dans la gouvernance forestière en RDC.
La gouvernance forestière et l’implication communautaire
La gouvernance forestière est l’ensemble de règles, de politiques, de institutions et de pratiques visant à assurer la mise œuvre des principes de transparences, de redevabilités/Imputabilités et participation dans le secteur forestier[1].
Autrement dit, la gouvernance forestière c’est l’ensemble des opérations effectuées pour administrer et exploiter les forêts de manière qu’elles remplissent durablement certaines fonctions écologiques, économiques et sociales pertinentes.
En effet, bien que le secteur forestier se veut transparent dans sa gestion, il s’y pose plusieurs lacunes dans la mise œuvre des règles pour une exploitation durable. La prise en compte de l’éducation environnementale des communautés locales et peuples autochtones, la consultation préalable des communautés locales, l’inventaire systémique constituent une embuche dans la gouvernance forestière vu qu’ils ne sont pas prise en compte dans le processus d’exploitation des forêts. Au vu de ces faiblesses qui exposent non seulement la biodiversité mais également l’ensemble des écosystèmes forestiers, le Groupe d’Action pour Sauver l’Homme et son Environnement ; GASHE en sigle, par son approche inclusive et participative, renforce la capacité des communautés locales les plus affectées par les activités des exploitants de bois œuvres. Dans son accompagnement, il vise à impliquer tous les acteurs clés afin de contribuer à la réduction de la déforestation mais également au renforcement des capacités des communautés à la matière de gouvernance forestière.
Ces efforts sont fournis dans le but de renforcer la participation des communautés locales à la surveillance des activités forestières dont elles dépendantes. Dans ce processus, GASHE travaille sur la responsabilisation et le renouvèlement de confiance des communautés comme les bons vigiles des ressources naturelles. Elles sont dotées des outils de collecter de données afin de faciliter le monitoring pour une gouvernance réussie dans le secteur forestier.
[1] Banque mondiale (Bank World,2009), Gouvernance-RDC Rapport, 23Jan 2013
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